# EMVA 1288 — Machine Vision Test Standard

 Standard: EMVA 1288 — Standard for Measurement and Presentation of Specifications for Machine Vision Sensors and Cameras. Technical Committee: European Machine Vision Association Published: 2016-12-30

The EMVA 1288 standard characterizes image sensor quality (but not full camera systems, which include lenses). Imatest implemented a subset of the standard starting in the 2020.2 release.

EMVA 1288 introduced in Imatest 2020.2

Most of the new measurements are derived from two sets of flat-field images, read into Uniformity or Uniformity Interactive using signal averaging to separate temporal noise from spatial nonuniformities.

### Obtaining Uniform Flat-Field Images

In order to minimize cosine falloff in imaging systems with wider field of view lenses, it is important to have a light source that produces uniform illumination across the entire field of view.

 Field of View Visual and/or Narrow Band Broad Spectrum VIS+IR / SWIR <= (80°, ~110°) Imatest Lightbox Gamma Scientific RS-7-1 (80°) <= 180° Gamma Scientific RS-7-6 (180°) <= 300° Colorspace LB2

### EMVA1288 Based Measurements in Imatest

In Imatest 2020.2, we will will only measure parameters that can be derived from images. We will not (for now) work with photons or absolute light values, so we will not refer to η (quantum efficiency; the number of electrons per photon; $$\eta = \mu_e/\mu_p$$) or K (the overall system gain with units of DN/electron, where DN is the “digital number”, i.e., pixel level). Since input images have a variety of bit depths and hence maximum values (e.g., 255 for 8-bit images; 65535 for 16-bit images, etc.), internal calculations are double precision normalized to a maximum of 1. We will generally used these numbers where DN is called for.

Results are derived from two sets of averaged images read, where each set has a minimum of 4 images (with 8 or more strongly recommended).

1. Light images, nominally at the 50% level for linear images (about 73% for gamma = 2.2 (standard color space) images).
2. Dark images (“lens cap on”)

Here are some of the abbreviations used in the standard.

• μ is the mean of a signal. μd is the mean of the dark signal (dependent on exposure time and temperature).
• σ2 is the variance of a signal (related to noise power, which is additive for uncorrelated noise sources). Noise has two components, which need to be separated: noise nonuniformity and temporal noise.

The key results calculated by Imatest are

 Measurement Equation Description Photo Response Nonuniformity (PRNU1288) $$PRNU_{1288} = \frac{\sqrt{s_{y.light}^2 – s_{y.dark}^2 } } { \mu_{y.light} – \mu_{y.dark}}$$ Measured from both light & dark images. Eq. (46), exactly Photo Response Nonuniformity (PRNU light-only) $$PRNU_{light} = s_{y.light} / \mu_{y.light}$$ Measured with light images (linear output at ≈50% of maximum). PRNU1288 with dark measurements omitted. Typically very close to PRNU1288, Dark Signal Nonuniformity (DSNU) $$DSNU_{1288} = s_{y.dark}$$ Measured with dark signal (“lens cap on”). Eq. (45), with K omitted. Temporal noise (light) $$\sigma_{y.light}$$ Measured with light images (linear output at ≈50% of maximum) Temporal noise (dark) $$\sigma_{y.dark}$$ Measured with dark signal (“lens cap on”)

### Related Measurements Currently Available

 Metric Imatest Module Description Photo Response Nonuniformity (PRNU) Uniformity & Blemish Map uniform light field uniformity Raw sensor Dynamic Range Color/tone Fits raw data to an equation from the EMVA 1288 standard, then extrapolates to find DR. The test chart does not have to have as large a tonal range as the DR, but transmissive charts with tonal range ≥ 3 are recommended. Hot & Dark Pixels Uniformity & Blemish Detect defective pixel clusters

### Additional Measurements Not Currently Supported

• Units of e- (we provide DN-based measurements)
• Quantum efficiency (QE)
• Gain K
• Absolute sensitivity threshold
• Saturation capacity
• Doubling temperature

For information on how to use this feature, refer to Nonuniformity measurements based on EMVA-1288.